___ Created The Freeport Doctrine.

From Baronial to October of 1858, Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for U.S. Senate from Illinois, took on the incumbent Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas in a series of seven debates. Thousands of spectators and newspaper reporters from around the country watched as the two men battled over the primary outcome facing the nation at the fourth dimension: slavery and the battle over its extension into new territories.

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Background and Context for the Debates

As the architect of the Kansas-Nebraska Human action, Douglas was one of the most prominent politicians in the land and seen as a future presidential contender. The controversial 1854 law repealed the Missouri Compromise and established the doctrine of popular sovereignty, by which each new territory joining the Union would decide for itself whether to become a free or slave state.

Opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act had fatigued Lincoln, a lawyer and former one-term Whig congressman, back into the political arena. He launched a Senate run in early 1855 simply stepped aside to make style for some other candidate.

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By 1858, Lincoln was the most prominent leader in the new Republican Party in Illinois, and the clear choice to run confronting Douglas. He kicked off his campaign in earnest with a speech in Springfield that June, in which he famously declared that "A house divided against itself cannot stand up..this authorities cannot endure, permanently half slave and half costless."

Seven Debates, Vii Congressional Districts

Lincoln and Douglas met in 7 debates between August and October 1858, located in different congressional districts effectually the state. In all, they traveled over four,000 miles during the Senate entrada. While Lincoln traveled by railroad, railroad vehicle or gunkhole, Douglas rode in a individual train fitted with a cannon that fired a shot every time he arrived in a new location.

Each debate followed the aforementioned structure: an hour-long opening statement by one candidate, an hour and a half-long response by the other candidate and a half-hour rebuttal by the starting time candidate. Despite their length and often deadening format, the debates became a huge spectacle, attracting crowds of up to 20,000 people. Thanks to the many reporters and stenographers who attended, and new technologies such equally the telegraph and the railroad, the candidates' arguments drew national attending, and would fundamentally change the national argue over slavery and the rights of Black Americans.

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Douglas and the Freeport Doctrine

Aside from the physical contrast—Lincoln was tall, lanky and rumpled; Douglas brusque, stocky and dressed in expensive suits—the two men represented starkly opposing viewpoints on the bug at manus. From their beginning fence on August 21 in Ottawa, Douglas defendant Lincoln of running on a radically antislavery "Black Republican" platform and attempted to link him with leading abolitionists similar Frederick Douglass.

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Lincoln attacked Douglas for his support of the Supreme Court's notorious 1857 decision in the Dred Scott case, which denied citizenship to all Black people, enslaved or free, and accused him of seeking to make slavery legal throughout the U.s.. In the second debate, on August 27 in Freeport, Lincoln asked Douglas whether or not popular sovereignty allowed settlers to exclude slavery from a territory before information technology joined the Matrimony. Douglas said yes, clarifying that territories could choose not to enforce Dred Scott by withholding protection for slaveholders under local law. Known as the Freeport Doctrine, this stance alienated many Southerners and would come back to haunt Douglas during his 1860 presidential run.

Douglas backed the idea (common to Jacksonian Democrats) that power was best exercised at the local level. By dissimilarity, Lincoln argued that but the federal regime had the power to abolish slavery.

Differing Views on Race

Douglas repeatedly attacked Lincoln'southward supposed radical views on race, challenge his opponent would not only grant citizenship rights to freed slaves but allow Blackness men to marry white women (an idea that horrified many white Americans) and that his views would put the nation on an inevitable path to war. Lincoln responded that he had "no purpose to introduce political and social equality between the white and the Black races" and that "a concrete departure betwixt the 2" would probable prevent them from ever living in "perfect equality." Though he believed slavery was morally wrong, Lincoln fabricated it clear that he shared the belief in white supremacy held by Douglas and nearly all-white Americans at the fourth dimension.

Only while Douglas held that the nation's founding certificate had been written past white men, who intended it to apply just to white men, Lincoln argued that "at that place is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Proclamation of Independence." Though he assured Southerners he did not plan to interfere with slavery where it already existed, he argued that the Founding Fathers—many of whom enslaved people—had regarded the institution of slavery as a moral evil that must somewhen disappear.

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Bear upon of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates

In the elections held in November 1858, Lincoln and other Republican candidates won 53 percent of the popular vote statewide. Only the congressional districts represented in the Illinois legislature at the fourth dimension favored the Democrats, and the state legislature chose to return Douglas to the Senate.

Despite his loss, Lincoln'south commanding performance in the debates with Douglas, and his eloquent and assuming statement of the Republican Political party'south position on slavery, established him as a figure of national importance. Over the next two years, he would hone his arguments on the morality of slavery in speeches effectually the country, emerging as the night horse Republican nominee in the 1860 presidential election.

Meanwhile, Douglas' Autonomous Party connected to divide over the event of slavery's extension. Douglas succeeded in winning the Democratic nomination in 1860, but with Southern Democrats backing John Breckenridge, he won just one state: Missouri. Exhausted by the campaign, as well as his efforts to rally northern Democrats to the Matrimony cause as the Ceremonious War began, Douglas died in June 1861, at the age of 48.

READ MORE: Bank check out our Abraham Lincoln content hub, with more than three dozen stories about the 16th president.

Sources

Fergus Grand. Bordewich, "How Lincoln Bested Douglas in Their Famous Debates." Smithsonian, September 2008.

Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (W.W. Norton, 2010)

Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (Simon & Schuster, 2005)